UPSC CSE Prelims CSAT (Paper II) previous year questions on Syllogism and Logical Deduction (Logical Reasoning), asked from 2011–2026, with answers. There are 34 questions in this post. Attempt each question, then click Show Answer to check.
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1] There are four statements X, Y, Z and W. Their relations are as follows:
If X is incorrect, then so is Z; if Y is incorrect, then W is correct; if W is correct, then X is incorrect.
Which of the following is/are correct?
I. If X is correct, then so is Y.
II. If Z is correct, then it is not necessary that Y is correct.
Select the answer using the code given below. [2026/36]
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Show Answer
Ans: (a) I only
2] Consider the following statements:
Every red is blue. Every blue is green. Every green is yellow.
Which of the following statements denoted by P, Q and R are correct?
P. Every blue is yellow.
Q. Every red is green.
R. Every red is yellow.
Select the answer using the code given below. [2026/48]
(a) P and Q only
(b) Q and R only
(c) P and R only
(d) P, Q and R
Show Answer
Ans: (d) P, Q and R
3] Consider the following three statements, namely S1, S2 and S3:
S1. Protecting the environment is an existential exigency for humans, given the impact of environmental degradation on climate change.
S2. Scientific consensus has not been achieved with regard to the extent of the contribution of human intervention to climate change.
S3. Environmental activism includes climate alarmism and other extremist points of view that often become the focus of climate change deniers.
Which of the following relationships based on the statements given above is/are correct?
1. S3 is a counterpoint to S1
2. S3 is unconnected to S1 and S2
3. S2 could be the reason for S3
Select the answer using the code given below. [2026/71]
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 3 only
Show Answer
Ans: (d) 3 only
4] A Main Statement is followed by four Statements labelled P, Q, R and S Choose the ordered pair of the Statements where the first Statement implies the second, and the two Statements are logically consistent with the Main Statement. [2024/74]
Main Statement:
Pradeep becomes either a Director or a Producer.
Statement P: Pradeep is a Director.
Statement Q: Pradeep is a Producer.
Statement R: Pradeep is not a Director.
Statement S: Pradeep is not a Producer.
Select the correct answer.
(a) SP only
(b) RQ only
(c) Both SP and RQ
(d) Neither SP nor RQ
Show Answer
Ans: (c) Both SP and RQ
5] If P means greater than (>) ; Q means less than (<)’; R means “not greater than”(/>) ; S means ‘not less than (/<)’ and T means ‘equal to(=)”, then consider the following statements :
1. 1. If 2x(S)3y and 3x(T)4z, then 9y(P)8z.
2. 2. If x(Q)2y and y(R)z, then x(R)z.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? [2024/76]
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Ans: (d) Neither 1 nor 2
6] Consider the Following statements in respect of five candidates P, Q, R, S and T. Two statements are true and one statement is false.
True Statement: One of P and Q was selected for the job,
False Statement: At least one of R and S was selected for the job,
True Statement: At most two of R, S and T were selected for the Job.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn? [2023/77]
1. At least four were selected for the job.
2. S was selected for the job.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Ans: (d) Neither 1 nor 2
7] Let P, Q, R, S and T be five statements such that;
I. If P is true, then, both Q and S are true.
II. If R and S are true, then T is false,
Which of the Following can be concluded?
1. If T is true, then at least one of P and R must be false.
2. If Q is true, then P is true,
Select the correct answer using the code given below: [2023/78]
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Ans: (a) 1 only
8] Two Statements followed by four Conclusions are given below. You have to take the Statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts. Read all the Conclusions and then decide which of the given Conclusions logically follows/ follow from the Statements, disregarding the commonly known facts:
Statement— 1: All pens are books.
Statement—2: No chair is a pen.
Conclusion—I: All chairs are books.
Conclusion—II: Some chairs are pens.
Conclusion—III: All books are chairs.
Conclusion—IV: No chair is a book.
Which one of the following is correct? [2022/38]
(a) Only Conclusion—I
(b) Only Conclusion—II
(c) Both Conclusion—III and Conclusion—IV
(d) None of the Conclusions follows
Show Answer
Ans: (d) None of the Conclusions follows
9] Three Statements followed by three Conclusions are given below. You have to take the Statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts. Read all the Conclusions and then decide which of the given Conclusions logically follows/ follow from the Statements, disregarding the commonly known facts:
Statement—1: Some doctors are teachers.
Statement—2: All teachers are engineers
Statement—3: All engineers are scientists.
Conclusion—I: Some scientists are doctors.
Conclusion—II: All engineers are doctors.
Conclusion—III: Some engineers are doctors.
Which one of the following is correct? [2022/39]
(a) Only Conclusion—I
(b) Only Conclusion—II
(c) Both Conclusion—I and Conclusion—III
(d) Both Conclusion—I and Conclusion—II
Show Answer
Ans: (c) Both Conclusion—I and Conclusion—III
10] In group of 120 persons, 80 are Indians and rest are foreignersssssssssssssssssssss. Further, 70 persons in the group can speak English. The number of Indians who can speak English is [2021/35]
(a) 20
(b) 30
(c) 30 or less
(d) 30 or more
Show Answer
Ans: (d) 30 or more
11] Half of the villagers of a certain village have their own houses. One-fifth of the villagers cultivate paddy. One-third of the villagers are literate. Four-fifth of the villagers are under 25 years of age.
Which one of the following statements is certainly correct? [2021/46]
(a) All the villagers who have their own houses are literate.
(b) Some villagers under 25 years of age are literate.
(c) Only half of the villagers who cultivate paddy are literate.
(d) No villager under 25 years of age has his own house.
Show Answer
Ans: (b) Some villagers under 25 years of age are literate.
12] Consider two Statements and four Conclusions given below. You have to take the Statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts. Read all Conclusions and then decide which of the given Conclusion(s) logically follows/follow from the Statements, disregarding the commonly known facts.
Statement-1 : Some greens are blues.
Statement-2 : Some blues are blacks.
Conclusion-1 : Some greens are blues.
Conclusion-2: No green is black.
Conclusion-3 : All greens are blacks.
Conclusion-4 : All blacks are greens.
Which one of the following is correct? [2021/49]
(a) Conclusion-1 and Conclusion-2 only
(b) Conclusion-2 and Conclusion-3 only
(c) Conclusion-3 and Conclusion-4 only
(d) Neither Conclusion 1 nor 2 nor 3 nor 4
Show Answer
Ans: (d) Neither Conclusion 1 nor 2 nor 3 nor 4
13] Two Statements are given followed by two Conclusions:
Statements:
All numbers are divisible by 2.
All numbers are divisible by 3.
Conclusion-I
All numbers are divisible by 6.
Conclusion-II
All numbers are divisible by 4.
Which of the above Conclusions logically follows/follow from the two given Statements? [2020/32]
(a) Only Conclusion-I
(b) Only Conclusion-II
(c) Neither Conclusion-I nor conclusion-II
(d) Both Conclusions-I and Conclusion-II
Show Answer
Ans: (a) Only Conclusion-I
14] Two Statements are given followed by two Conclusions:
Statements:
All cats are dogs.
All cats are black.
Conclusion-I:
All dogs are black.
Conclusion-II:
Some dogs are not black.
Which of the above Conclusions logically follows/follow from the two given Statements disregarding commonly known facts? [2020/33]
(a) Only Conclusion-I
(b) Only Conclusion-II
(c) Neither Conclusion-I nor Conclusion-II
(d) Both Conclusions-I and Conclusion-II
Show Answer
Ans: (c) Neither Conclusion-I nor Conclusion-II
15] Consider the following Statements and Conclusions:
Statements:
1. Some rats are cats.
2. Some cats are dogs.
3. No dog is a cow.
Conclusions:
I. No cow is a cat.
II. No dog is a rat.
III. Some cats are rats.
Which of the above conclusions is/are drawn from the statements? [2019/13]
(a) I, II and III
(b) Only I and II
(c) Only III
(d) Only II and III
Show Answer
Ans: (c) Only III
16] In a group of 15 people; 7 can read French, 8 can read English while 3 of them can read neither of these two languages. The number of people who can read exactly one language is [2019/52]
(a) 10
(b) 9
(c) 5
(d) 4
Show Answer
Ans: (b) 9
17] 19 boys turn out for playing hockey. Of these, 11 are wearing hockey shirts and 14 are wearing hockey pants. There are no boys without shirts and/or pants. What is the number of boys wearing full uniform? [2018/42]
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 8
Show Answer
Ans: (c) 6
Directions for the following 2 (two) items: – Consider the given information and answer the two items that follow.
No supporters of ‘party X’, who knew Z and supported his campaign strategy, agreed for the alliance with ‘party Y’; but some of them had friends in ‘party Y’.
18] With reference to the above information, which one among the following statements must be true? [2017/9]
(a) Some supporters of ‘party Y’ did not agree for the alliance with the ‘party X’.
(b) There is at least one supporter of party Y’ who knew some supporters of ‘party X’ as a friend.
(c) No supporters of ‘party X’ supported Z’s campaign strategy.
(d) No supporters of ‘party X’ knew Z.
Show Answer
Ans: (b) There is at least one supporter of party Y’ who knew some supporters of ‘party X’ as a friend.
19] With reference to the above information, consider the following statements:
1. Some supporters of ‘party X’ knew Z
2. Some supporters of ‘party X’, who opposed Z’s campaign strategy, knew Z.
3. No supporters of ‘party X’ supported Z’s campaign strategy.
Which of the statements given above, is/are not correct? [2017/10]
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Show Answer
Ans: (c) 3 only
20] Consider the given statement and the two conclusions that follow:
Statement:
Morning walk is good for health.
Conclusions:
1. All healthy people go for morning walk.
2. Morning walk is essential for maintaining good health. [2017/34]
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Ans: (d) Neither 1 nor 2
21] Examine the following statements:
1. All colours are pleasant.
2. Some colours are pleasant.
3. No colour is pleasant.
4. Some colours are not pleasant.
Given that statement 4 is true, what can be definitely concluded? [2017/50]
(a) 1 and 2 are true.
(b) 3 is true.
(c) 2 is false.
(d) 1 is false.
Show Answer
Ans: (d) 1 is false.
22] All good athletes want to win and all athletes who want to win eat a well-balanced diet; therefore, all athletes who do not eat a well-balanced diet are bad athletes. The best conclusion from this statement is that [2015/20]
(a) no bad athlete wants to win.
(b) no athlete who does not eat a well-balanced diet is a good athlete,
(c) every athlete who eats a well-balanced diet is a good athlete.
(d) all athletes who want to win are good athletes.
Show Answer
Ans: (b) no athlete who does not eat a well-balanced diet is a good athlete,
23] Consider the following statements followed by two conclusions:
Statements: Some men are great. Some men are wise.
Conclusion I: Men are either great or wise.
Conclusion II Some men are neither great nor Wise.
Which one of the following is correct? [2015/55]
(a) Only conclusion I is valid
(b) Only conclusion II is valid
(c) Both the conclusions are valid
(d) Neither of the conclusions is valid
Show Answer
Ans: (d) Neither of the conclusions is valid
24] Consider the following statements:
1. All artists are whimsical.
2. Some artists are drug addicts.
3. Frustrated people are prone to become drug addicts.
From the above three statements it may be concluded that: [2012/16]
(a) Artists are frustrated
(b) Some drug addicts are whimsical
(c) All frustrated people are drug addicts.
(d) Whimsical people are generally frustrated
Show Answer
Ans: (b) Some drug addicts are whimsical
25] Examine the following statements:
1. Either A & B are of same age or A is older than B
2. Either C & D are of same age or D is older than C
3. B is older than C
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements? [2012/17]
(a) A is older than B
(b) B and D are of the same age
(c) D is older than C
(d) A is older than C
Show Answer
Ans: (d) A is older than C
26] Examine the following statements:
1. Only those who have a pair of binoculars can become the member of the birdwatcher’s club.
2. Some members of the birdwatcher’s club have cameras.
3. Those members who have cameras can take part in photo-contests.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements? [2012/18]
(a) All those who have a pair of binoculars are members of the birdwatcher’s club.
(b) All members of the birdwatcher’s club have a pair of binoculars.
(c) All those who take part in photo-contests are members of the birdwatcher’s club.
(d) No conclusion can be drawn.
Show Answer
Ans: (b) All members of the birdwatcher’s club have a pair of binoculars.
27] Examine the following statements:
1. None but students are the members of the club.
2. Some members of the club are married persons.
3. All married persons are invited for dance.
Which one of the conclusions can be drawn from the above statements? [2012/41]
(a) All students are invited for dance.
(b) All married students of the club are invited for dance.
(c) All members of the club are married persons.
(d) None of the above conclusions can be drawn
Show Answer
Ans: (b) All married students of the club are invited for dance.
28] Consider the following statements:
1. All X-brand cars parked here are white.
2. Some of them have radial tyres
3. All X-brand cars manufactured after 1986 have radial tyres.
4. All cars are not X-brand.
Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements? [2012/43]
(a) Only white cars are parked here.
(b) Some white X-brand cars with radial tyres are parked here.
(c) Cars other than X-brand cannot have radial tyres.
(d) Most of the X-brand cars are manufactured before 1986.
Show Answer
Ans: (b) Some white X-brand cars with radial tyres are parked here.
29] Consider the following statements:
1. All machines consume energy.
2. Electricity provides energy.
3. Electrically operated machines are cheap to maintain.
4. Electrically operated machines do not cause pollution.
Which one of the following inferences can be drawn from the above statements? [2012/63]
(a) All machines are run by electric energy.
(b) There is no form of energy other than electricity
(c) Most machines are operated on electric energy.
(d) Electrically operated machines are preferable to use.
Show Answer
Ans: (d) Electrically operated machines are preferable to use.
30] Examine the following statements:
1. None but the rich can afford air-travel.
2. Some of those who travel by air become sick.
3. Some of those who become sick require treatment.
Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements? [2012/64]
(a) All the rich persons travel by air.
(b) Those who travel by air become sick.
(c) All the rich persons become sick.
(d) All those who travel by air are rich.
Show Answer
Ans: (d) All those who travel by air are rich.
31] Consider the following three statements:
1. Only students can participate in the race.
2. Some participants in the race are girls.
3. All girl participants in the race are invited for coaching.
Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statements? [2011/9]
(a) All participants in the race are invited for coaching.
(b) All students are invited for coaching.
(c) All participants in the race are students.
(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct.
Show Answer
Ans: (c) All participants in the race are students.
Directions for the following 2 (two) items:
Each of the following two items consists of four statements. Of these four statements, two cannot both be true, but both can be false. Study the statements carefully and identify the two that satisfy the above condition. Select the correct answer using the codes given below each set of statements:
32] Examine the following statements: [2011/10]
1. All animals are carnivorous.
2. Some animals are not carnivorous.
3. Animals are not carnivorous.
4. Some animals are carnivorous.
Codes:
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 and 4
Show Answer
Ans: (a) 1 and 3
33] Examine the following statements: [2011/11]
1. All trains are run by diesel engine.
2. Some trains are run by diesel engine.
3. No train is run by diesel engine.
4. Some trains are not run by diesel engine.
Codes:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1 and 4
Show Answer
Ans: (c) 1 and 3
34] Consider the following argument:
“In, order to be a teacher one must graduate from college. All poets are poor. Some Mathematicians are poets. No college graduate is poor.”
Which one of the following is not a valid conclusion regarding the above argument? [2011/48]
(a) Some Mathematicians are not teachers.
(b) Some teachers are not Mathematicians.
(c) Teachers are not poor.
(d) Poets are not teachers.
Show Answer
Ans: (b) Some teachers are not Mathematicians.
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